HR1/S1 is a Continuation of
Goals 2000/School-to-Work
Sep 25, 2001
The following are excerpts from three federal laws:
Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) reauthorization, HR6 of 1994
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) reauthorization, "No Child
Left Behind," HR1/S1 of 2001
These excerpts demonstrate the alignment of the proposed federal education
funding ("No Child Left Behind," HR1.), now before Congress, with
Goals 2000 and School-to-Work (STW), along with the ESEA of 1994 (or HR6).
Back in 1994, Goals 2000 provided the "framework for all federal education
funding," and it provided a "carrot" of money for states if they
restructured their state education legislation to be compliant with Goals 2000
and STW. The 1994 ESEA reauthorization, HR6, at the same time, provided a
requirement that states restructure their education legislation to be compliant
with Goals 2000 and STW. This HR6 was the "stick" that removed all
federal Title I money from states if they would not restructure education. In
addition, placing the federal government in authority over all state education
plans was included in both Goals 2000 and HR6.
The new proposed ESEA reauthorization of 2001, "No Child Left Behind"
(HR1), continues the restructuring mandate of 1994 through both the
"carrot" approach, that is found in Goals 2000, and the
"stick" approach, that is found in HR6. In addition, the
accountability system put in place in 1994 is continued in "No Child Left
Behind," though it dramatically expands the authority of the federal
government over all schools and all curriculum in the country.
Finally, HR6 authorized a specific nonprofit group, the Center for Civic
Education (CCE), to develop national standards and a model curriculum for
Civics Education and Government. No oversight by any elected or appointed board
is provided. "No Child Left Behind" continues that authorization and
provides the CCE an unlimited amount of money to accomplish its purpose.
Goals 2000 provides the framework for all federal education funding:
Section 2: Purpose The purpose of this Act is to provide a framework for
meeting the National Education Goals established by title I of the Act by--
...(6) providing a framework for the reauthorization of all federal education
programs by--(D) encouraging states to develop comprehensive plans that will
provide a coherent framework for the implementation of re-authorized federal
education and related programs in an integrated fashion..
["Re-authorized federal education programs" include the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). Title I is the bulk of federal
education funds that states receive. Most schools accept federal Title I
money.]
Grant money is available to states that develop a federally approved education
plan -- the carrot:
Title III, Section 305: Each state that desires to receive [a grant] under this
title shall submit an application to the Secretary [of the federal Department
of Education].
Section 306: (a)Each state that wishes to receive [a grant]...shall develop and
implement a plan.
(n)(1) The Secretary (of the federal Department of Education) shall
review...each state plan...
(2) The Secretary shall approve a state plan...when the Secretary determines
that such plan (C) meets the requirements [of this Act].
[Requiring the Secretary of the Department of Education to approve a state
education plan is a violation of the U.S. Constitution under the 10th
amendment.]
State content and performance standards must be consistent with the National
Goals, and they must align local curricula and assessments with those
standards:
Title III, Section 306(c) Each state...shall establish strategies for meeting
the National Education Goals. Such strategies (1)shall include (A) a process
for developing state content standards and state student performance standards
for all students...(B) a process for developing... state assessments (I) to be
aligned with the state's content standards...(C) a process for aligning state
or local curricula, instructional materials, and state assessments with the
state content standards and state student performance standards.
Any state wishing to receive Title I money must develop a federally approved
education plan that is coordinated with Goals 2000 -- the stick:
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(a)(1) Any state desiring to receive a
grant [Title I money] shall submit a plan to the Secretary...that is
coordinated with the Goals 2000: Education America Act...
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(d)(1)(C) The Secretary shall approve a
state plan if the Secretary determines meets the requirements of [this Act].
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(d)(1)(F) The Secretary shall have the
authority to disapprove a state plan for not meeting the requirements of this
part...
All activities under the state plan must be coordinated with school-to-work
involving business, labor and industry:
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(c)(6) the state will coordinate
activities funded under this part with school-to-work, vocational education,
cooperative education and mentoring programs, and apprenticeship programs
involving business, labor, and industry, as appropriate.
The plan must develop content and performance standards that will be used by
the local schools and by the state in its assessments:
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(b)(1)(A) Each state plan shall
demonstrate that the state has developed content standards and performance
standards that will be used by the state and its schools to carry out this
part.
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(b)(1)(B) If a state has standards
developed under title III of the Goals 2000 Act, and an aligned set of
assessments, the state shall use such standards and assessments to [meet] the
requirements [of this Act].
The local school districts and the state are accountable to the federal
government.
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(b)(2)(A) Each state plan shall
demonstrate adequate yearly progress of any school [that receives Title I
money] and any local [school district] that receive funds under this part.
[Emphasis added.]
[This is a violation of the U.S. Constitution under the 10th amendment.]
The federal government authorizes the Center for Civic Education, a particular
NGO, to set up a federal curriculum in civic education and government to be
compliant with Goals 2000, with no review or oversight by any elected or
appointed entity. [The CCE Standards do not teach the 10th amendment.]
Title X, Section 10601 (a)(1)(A) The Secretary is authorized to carry out a
program to enhance the third and sixth National Education Goals by educating
students about the history and principles of the Constitution of the United
States, including the Bill of Rights, and to foster civic competence and
responsibility. (B) Such programs shall be known as 'We the People...The
Citizen and the Constitution'. (2) The programs shall (A) continue and expand
the educational activities of the 'We the People...The Citizen and the
Constitution' program administered by the Center for Civic Education [Emphasis
added.]; and (B) enhance student attainment of challenging content standards in
civics and government. (3) The Secretary is authorized to award a grant or
enter into a contract with the Center for Civic Education to carry out the
program described in paragraph (1).
Title X, Section 10601 (b) The education program authorized by this section
shall provide (1) a course of instruction on the basic principles of our
Nation's constitutional democracy and the history of the Constitution and the
Bill of Rights;
Title X, Section 10601 (c) The education program authorized by this section
shall be made available to public and private elementary and secondary
schools...
Title X, Section 10601 (d)...funds provided under this section may be used for
(1) advanced training of teachers about the United States Constitution and the
political system the United States creates; or (2) a course of instruction at
the middle school level on the roles of state and local governments in the
federal system established by the Constitution.
The federal government provides grant money to states or local school districts
if they will use the above curriculum -- another carrot.
Title X, Section 10601(a) The Secretary is authorized to carry out a program of
awarding grants and contracts to assist state and local [districts] to enhance
(2) attainment by the Nation of the third and the sixth National Education
Goals.
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA): HR1
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND, 2001
A penalty is given to states that do not fully comply with implementing the
1994 HR6 plans. [HR6 requires compliance with Goals 2000 and with
school-to-work.] No waivers are allowed:
Title I, Sec. 1111(g)(1) If a state fails to meet the deadlines established by
the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 under any waiver granted by the
Secretary (or under any compliance agreement with the Secretary) for
demonstrating that it has in place challenging academic content standards and
student achievement standards, and a system for measuring and monitoring
adequate yearly progress, the Secretary shall withhold 25 percent of the funds
that would otherwise be available for state administration and activities in
each year until the Secretary determines that the state meets those
requirements...the Secretary shall not grant any additional waivers of, or
enter into any additional compliance agreements to extend, the deadlines
described [above] for any state.
Grant money is available to states to develop the federally approved education
plan, as was done with Goals 2000 grants -- the carrot of Goals 2000:
Title VI Part A, Subpart 1 Sec. 6111 the Secretary shall make grants to states
to enable the States to pay the costs of the development of the additional
state assessments and standards... and developing academic content and
achievement standards and aligned assessments
Any state wishing to receive Title I money must have a federally approved
education plan in place -- the stick of HR6.
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(a)(1) Any state desiring to receive a
grant [Title I money] shall submit to the Secretary a plan...that is
coordinated with other programs under this Act...
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(e)(1)The Secretary shall (C) approve a
state plan within 120 days of its submission unless the Secretary determines
that the plan does not meet the requirements of this [Act];
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(e)(1)The Secretary shall (F) have the
authority to disapprove a state plan for not meeting the requirements of this
part...
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(e)(2) A State shall revise its State plan
if necessary to satisfy the requirements of this [Act}.
The plan must have content and achievement (i.e., performance) standards that
will be used by the local schools and by the state in its assessments:
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(b)(1)(A) Each state plan shall
demonstrate that the state has developed challenging academic content standards
and challenging student academic achievement standards that will be used by the
state, its local educational agencies, and its schools.
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1,Sec. 1111(b)(1)(D)(i) Challenging academic content
in academic subjects that (I) specify what children are expected to know and BE
ABLE TO DO. [Our emphasis. This is the description of "performance"
standards, but the word ""performance" has been removed.]
The local school districts and the state are accountable to the federal
government.
Title I, Part A, Subpart 1, Sec. 1111(b)(2)(A) Each state plan shall
demonstrate that the state has developed and is implementing a statewide
statewide accountability system that [demonstrates] ...adequate yearly progress
as defined [in this Act]...
[This is the same violation of the U.S. Constitution under the 10th amendment.]
The federal government continues the HR6 authorization to the Center for Civic
Education, a particular NGO, to set up a federal curriculum in Civics Education
and Government, with no review or oversight by any elected or appointed entity.
Title II, Chapter C, Section 2344(a)(1)(A) The Center for Civic Education shall
use funds made available under grants or contracts under [this part] (i) to
continue and expand the educational activities of the program entitled the 'We
the People...The Citizen and the Constitution' administered by such
center...(iii) to provide a course of instruction on the basic principles of
the Nation's constitutional democracy and the history of the Constitution of
the United States, including the Bill of Rights; [Emphasis added.]
Title II, Chapter C, Section 2344 (a)(1)(B) The Center for Civic Education may
use assistance made available under [this part] to provide advanced sustained
and ongoing training of teachers about the Constitution of the United States
and the political system of the United States;
Title II, Chapter C, Section 2344 (b)(1)(A) The Center for Civic Education
shall use funds made available under grants or contracts under [this part] (i)
to continue and expand the educational activities of the program entitled the
'We the People...Project Citizen' program administered by the Center;... (iii)
to provide a course of instruction at the middle school level on the rules of
state and local governments in the federal system established by the
Constitution of the United States;
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